Machine generated contents note: Introduction; Part I. The State: Origins and Development -- 1. The development of the modern state -- 2. States and democracy -- 3. Democratic change and persistence -- Part II. The Polity: Structures and Institutions -- 4. Constitutions -- 5. Presidential and parliamentary government -- 6. Multi-level government: international, national and sub-national -- 7. Policy making and legislating: executives and legislatures -- 8. Implementation: the public bureaucracy -- Part III. Citizens, Elites and Interest Mediation -- 9. Political attitudes and behaviour -- 10. Pressure groups and social movements -- 11. The mass media -- 12. Voters and elections -- 13. Party government -- Part IV. Policies and Performance -- 14. Political ideologies: conservatism, liberalism, Christian democracy and socialism -- 15. Decision making -- 16. Public spending and public policies -- 17. The future of the democratic state; Postscript: how and what to compare?.