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สถาบันพระปกเกล้า ครั้งที่ 15 43

regardless of whether they come dressed in Buddhist robes. Again, in the traditional
context, a Dhammaraja would be anointed by the Sangha, but I think this is more of
a symbolic recognition of approval and lawful and entitlement as opposed to a
transformative sacralisation of status as would be the case with the Hindu ‘devaraja’.
In any event, I am not claiming that Barack Obama is a Dhammaraja in the full
historical sense, since I have already suggested that the age of Dhammarajas is over,
but simply considering to what degree he fulfils the qualifications for the job based
on the criteria provided in Buddhist texts.

And what are these criteria? The basic framework of Buddhist ethics for rulers
is set out in the “Ten Duties of the King” (dasa-raja-dhamma). As summarised by
9
Walpola Rahula these are:

1. Dana -- liberality, generosity, charity. The ruler should not have craving and
attachment for wealth and property, but should give it away for the welfare
of the people.

2. Sila -- a high and moral character. He should never destroy life, cheat, steal
and exploit others, commit adultery, utter falsehood, or take intoxicating
drinks.

3. Pariccaga -- sacrificing everything for the good of the people. He must be
prepared to give up all personal comfort, name and fame, and even his life,
in the interest of the people.

4. Ajjava -- honesty and integrity. He must be free from fear and favour in the
discharge of his duties, must be sincere in his intentions, and must not
deceive the public.

5. Maddava -- kindness and gentleness. He must possess a genial temperament.

6. Tapa -- austerity of habits. He must lead a simple life, and should not
indulge in a life of luxury. He must have self-control.

7. Akkodha -- freedom from envy, ill-will, enmity. He should bear no grudge
against anybody.

8. Avihimsa -- non-violence, which means not only that he should harm nobody,
but that he should try to promote peace by avoiding and preventing war,
and everything which involves violence and destruction of life. เอกสารประกอบการอภิปรายร่วมระหว่างผู้แทนจากต่างประเทศ

9. Khanti -- patience, forbearance, tolerance, understanding. He must be able to
bear hardships, difficulties and insults without losing his temper.

9 P.62