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national regional organizations, economic and political, have become so
critically important. An additional factor lacking during earlier
development is the current trend towards public/private partnerships
between governments and private entrepreneurs to finance the
construction of special zones. This form of cooperation is expected to
foster agglomeration effects on the local level while encouraging
secondary development in the form of clusters and centers of
innovation. As Krugman has shown, this type of zone can indeed fuel
agglomeration effects that contribute to greater numbers of production
sites and increasing levels of consumption. These patterns of
2
development indicate the extent to which special zones are considered
so important in political circles, because they unite a wide array of
stakeholders in local and national political economies, while in purely
economic terms, they also combine industrial and political policies that
favor regional development. What remains unclear, however, is whether
development that relies on special zones positively influence training or
innovation. The real question is whether social deregulation leads to
higher rates of employment, or whether growth—an unarguable result of
the activity of the zones—is synonymous with development in a
broader, more social sense.
Bringing such probing questions to bear on countries “in
transition”--likeeconomic zones of Poland and Cambodia--raises a host of
related questions that extend well beyond in the scope of the present
3
study. The long-term effects of industrial and economic heritage on
behaviors and patterns of institutional reorganization have often been
cited as an explanation for the diversity of transitions in post-communist
2 Paul Krugman, 1991, « Increasing Returns and Economic Geography », Journal
of Politcal Economy 99 (3), pp. 483 – 499.
3 François Bafoil, 2009, 2009, Eastern and central Europe. Europeanisation
and social change since 1989, Palgrave MacMillan, François Bafoil, 2014, Emerging
capitalism in Central Europe and Southeast Asia, Palgrave MacMillan,
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