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               national regional organizations, economic and political, have become so
               critically important. An additional factor lacking during earlier
               development is the current trend towards public/private partnerships
               between governments and private entrepreneurs to finance the
               construction of special zones. This form of cooperation is expected to
               foster agglomeration effects on the local level while encouraging
               secondary development in the form of clusters and centers of
               innovation. As Krugman has shown, this type of zone can indeed fuel
               agglomeration effects that contribute to greater numbers of production
               sites and increasing levels of consumption.  These patterns of
                                                               2
               development indicate the extent to which special zones are considered
               so important in political circles, because they unite a wide array of
               stakeholders in local and national political economies, while in purely
               economic terms, they also combine industrial and political policies that
               favor regional development. What remains unclear, however, is whether
               development that relies on special zones positively influence training or
               innovation. The real question is whether social deregulation leads to
               higher rates of employment, or whether growth—an unarguable result of
               the activity of the zones—is synonymous with development in a
               broader, more social sense.


                     Bringing such probing questions to bear on countries “in
               transition”--likeeconomic zones of Poland and Cambodia--raises a host of
               related questions that extend well beyond in the scope of the present
                     3
               study.   The long-term effects of industrial and economic heritage on
               behaviors and patterns of institutional reorganization have often been
               cited as an explanation for the diversity of transitions in post-communist





                   2   Paul Krugman, 1991, « Increasing Returns and Economic Geography », Journal
               of Politcal Economy 99 (3), pp. 483 – 499.
                   3   François Bafoil, 2009, 2009, Eastern and central Europe. Europeanisation
               and social change since 1989, Palgrave MacMillan, François Bafoil, 2014, Emerging
               capitalism in Central Europe and Southeast Asia, Palgrave MacMillan,






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