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local level, by the considerable revenues generated by each agency. In
fact, these cash flows are often the only source of income for local civil
servants, who lack incentives to facilitate administrative tasks. Civil
servants are even less likely to cooperate given the complete lack of
cooperation among private actors in the zones. No forum exists for
investors to compare or discuss their experiences.

III. Political Capitalism and Market Capitalism

The primary interest in comparing these two categories of special
economic zones relates to the rule of law. Comparison offers an
overview of the kinds of public and private organization involved and
the influence of the supra-national context. This approach also sheds
light on the nature of the capitalisms that dominate the two regions
examined here.

The extreme concentration of power in the hands of Hun Sen and
his family and clan represents a form of political capitalism centered
27
on a patriarchal chieftain who commandeers national property for his
personal profit through graft and kickbacks or indirectly via
28
concessions to foreigners involving natural resources including forest
products, mines, water, land, and special zones. An additional factor is
the staggeringly complex governmental apparatus that makes the
Cambodian government one of the largest in the world. In 2003, for
example, the government included one Prime Minister, 7 Vice-prime
ministers, 15 Senior Ministers, 28 ministers, 135 secretaries of state,
and 146 under-secretaries of state. Each title-holder’s title is a saleable
commodity, with some positions worth as much as $100,000. Each

27 Hun Sen has three sons: Hun Manet, 35, who studied in the United States at
West Point Military Academy, is a 2-star general, notably responsible for his fathers’
personal guard; Hun Manith, his second son, is vice secretary-general of the authority
responsible for regulating property disputes, and Hun Many, a member of Parliament
since 2013.
28 Caroline Hugues and Un K., 2010, (edited by), Cambodia’s Economic
Transfortmation, NIA

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