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position includes membership in a national agency whose chief is
inevitably Hun Sen. In such confirmed cases of “crony capitalism,”
29
the ties between well-placed leading families and the country’s
leadership are astonishingly close, just as they are everywhere in
Southeast Asia.
30

Canit be concluded that Hun Sen represents an archetypical
example of what Weber called the primitive form of authority, while also
sharing certain traits of “sultanism” ? The Cambodian situation is
especially notable for a very low level of institutionalization and an
intense concentration of power and resources in the hands of the
chieftain and his Pretorian Guard, which excludes the vast majority of
national citizens, who essentially serve as the equivalent of slaves. It is
important to note that Cambodia is far from the first example of this
type in Southeast Asia, which was endemic in colonial Asia through the
31
so-called Mandala system. This is no longer true, however, as foreign
29 Frank B. Tipton, 2009, « Southeast Asian Capitalism: History, Institutions,
States, and Firms », Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26, p. 401-434. Carney,
M. and E. Gedajlovic, 2001, “Corporate governance and firm capabilities: A
comparison of managerial, alliance and personal capitalisms”. Asia Pacific Journal of
Management 18: 335-54, Richard W. Carney, 2016, “Varieties of Hierarchical
Capitalism : Family and State Market Economies in East Asia”, The Pacific Review,
vo. 29, n°2, pp. 137-163.
30 According to Tipton, it should be recalled that the Singaporean manufacturing
sector is under family control. Fifteen Indonesian families possess 62% of the
financial market, while 5 families in the Philippines hold 42% of national assets. The
30 leading Thai families control three fourths of Thai capital, and 10% of Thai families
control 50% of national capital. The royal family is the leader among these families.
Lee Kuan Yew’s family sits on the boards of the 500 largest Singaporean firms, and
the Philippine government dominates 179 of the country’s large public firms
31 Winachakul, T. (1994) Siam Mapped : A History of the Geo-Body of a
Nation, Honolulu, University of Hawai, Nicolas Tarling,, 1999, (ed.), The Cambridge
History of Southeast Asia, vol. 2, tome 2, From World War II to the Present,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, Norman Owen, (2005), (ed.), The
Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia, A New History, Singapour, Singapore
University Press., Mark Beeson, Regionalism and Globalization in East Asia:
Politics, Security and Economic Development, New York (NY): Palgrave Macmillan,
2007

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