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“nomenklatura capitalism,” booty capitalism, crony capitalism, and
40
39
41
ersatz capitalism. These labels represent attempts to describe an
42
active economy characterized by the considerable accumulation of
profits and the mass privatization of public assets, within a legal
environment characterized by the absolute least possible social policy
and an official laissez-faire policy. Under this form of economy such as
Cambodia, civil servants in the various administrative hierarchies are
tacitly granted the right to pay themselves out of the chief’s income,
perpetuating a system of unchecked patronage that benefits anyone
with even a shred of power. Some analysts have described the
Cambodian approach as extremely “illiberal.” 43

The case of Poland reflects three stark differences from the case
of Cambodia. The first difference relates to the legal framework in
which the various processes of transformation have unfolded since
1990. These laws are the product of a policy of privatization on the
one hand, and on the other, changes that have accompanied Poland’s
integration into the EU. The strategies deployed to create the special
zones have reflected these two “grand” policies, first as a means of
applying initial national policies in support of regions in the midst of an
economic crisis, with the subsequent enormous financial, economic,
technical, and administrative support by the EU. The European
Community has played a pivotal role in forcing national actors to adapt

39 Kanishka Jayasuriya, Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia: The Rule of Law
and Legal Institutions, Londres, Routledge, 1999 ; Frank B. Tipton, « Southeast Asian
Capitalism: History, Institutions, States, and Firms », Asia Pacific Journal of
Management, 26, 2009, p. 401-434
40 Paul Hutchcroft, Booty Capitalism: The Politics of Banking in the
Philippines, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 199
41 Joe Studwell, Asian Godfathers: Money and Power in Hong Kong and
Southeast Asia, New York, Grove Press, 2008
42 Kunio Yoshihara, The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in South-East Asia, Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 1988.

43 Gainsborough M., 2012, “Elites vs. Reform in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam”,
Journal of Democracy; April 2012, Vol. 23 Issue: Number 2 p34-46

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