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การประชุมวิชาการ
สถาบันพระปกเกล้า ครั้งที่ 21 7
ลดช่องว่างความเหลื่อมล้ำ สร้างคุณภาพประชาธิปไตย

are used with the omitted dummy being unequal and low national income
countries. As presented in the first column of the table, falling in a higher

quintile instead of the poorest one had positive effects on democracy in
general. It is notable that falling in the richest quintile had the greatest effects.

This is more consistent with the expectation of the elite-competition theory than
that of the redistribution-democracy theory. Where people lived mattered not
much to diffuse democratic support.

As presented in the second column of the table, falling in the richest
quintile instead of the poorest one had no effects on inclusive citizenship, a

finding less consistent with the expectation of the redistribution-democracy
theory. It is notable that living in an unequal but affluent country instead of an

unequal and less affluent one had negative effects, suggesting that economic
development with increasing income disparity tends to induce people to turn
away from electoral democracy. By contrast, living in an equal and affluent

country instead of an unequal and less affluent one had positive effects,
suggesting that economic development with decreasing income disparity tends

to induce people to turn to electoral democracy.

As shown in the third column of the table, falling in the richest quintile
instead of the poorest one had positive effects on checks and balances,
indicating that the wealthy were more supportive of liberal democracy than the

poor. This finding is consistent with the individual-level implication of the elite-
competition theory. It is noteworthy that living in an unequal but affluent

country instead of an unequal and less affluent one had negative effects,
suggesting that economic development with increasing income disparity tends to
induce people to turn away from liberal democracy. By contrast, living in an

equal and affluent country instead of an unequal and less affluent one had
positive effects, suggesting that economic development with decreasing income

disparity induces people to turn to liberal democracy.

As shown in the last column of the table, falling in the middle or higher

quintile instead of the bottom one had negative effects on dictatorship. This เอกสารประกอบการอภิปรายร่วมระหว่างผู้แทนจากต่างประเทศ
finding is not consistent with the individual-level implication of the redistribution-
democracy theory that the wealthy turn to dictatorship because of fear of

redistribution under democracy. It is noteworthy that living in an unequal but